Biophysics and the Challenges of Emerging Threats

Single-molecule techniques eliminate ensemble averaging, thus revealing transient or rare species in heterogeneous systems [1–3]. These approaches have been employed to probe myriad biological phenomena, including protein and RNA folding [4–6], enzyme kinetics [7, 8], and even protein biosynthesis [1, 9, 10]. In particular, immobilization-based fluorescence te- niques such as total internal reflec...