Leibniz on Human and Animal Apperception

Leibniz introduced the concept of apperception in philosophical discourse. But what does this concept mean? Leibniz seems to equate apperception with reflection while attributing the former to animals but not the latter. If apperception is reflection, however, how could animals possess the one without the other? This study revisits this well-known problem in Leibniz research in two main steps. Usi...