Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Changes and Systemic Diseases in Rats

Retinal and choroidal vasculatures are easily affected by various systemic diseases, and changes in the retina can easily be observed with various procedures such as direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein fundus angiography, and indocyanin green fundus angiography. Vascular changes are the major, most prominent, and most important fundus changes. The above-m...