Vespidae of the Middle East (Hymenoptera)

The cosmopolitan family Vespidae (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea) comprises approximately 5,000 described species worldwide, traditionally classified into six subfamilies: Stenogastrinae, Eumeninae s.l., Euparagiinae, Masarinae, Polistinae, and Vespinae. Among vespid wasps, social behavior ranges from solitary nesting to highly eusocial societies that function as superorganisms. Vespid wasps play vital ro...