Boulanger Affair Reconsidered

Recent scholarship on General Boulanger''s 1888-89 bid for power in France''s Third Republic has focused on the combination of socialism and national chauvinism in the movement supporting Boulanger''s campaign, seeing in this alliance the left-wing origins of 20th-century fascism. In this groundbreaking new study, Irvine challenges that analysis, arguing that royalist and conservative supporters p...