Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences

Research into ancient DNA began more than 25 years ago with the publication of short mitochondrial DNA sequence fragments from the quagga, an extinct relative of the zebra.

Activation, inhibition, or destruction of the nervous system or its component parts as a vital tool for the investigation of function has undergone remarkable development; indeed, new approaches have been developed that allow for these actions to be used as therapeutic tools.

PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are the third and most-recently discovered group of silencing-inducible small RNAs in animals.

Chromatin is of central importance to gene regulation in eukaryotes.

The completion of a consensus draft sequence for the human genome was the starting point for more thorough investigations of individual genome variation.

During the 20th century Xenopus has flourished as an accessible experimental model system for studying vertebrate biology.

Hepatocytes account for approximately 80% of the liver mass and play a significant role in various aspects of liver physiopathology, exhibiting unrivaled complexity and diversity of functions.

Capillary Electrophoresis: Methods and Protocols presents a selection of current capillary electrophoresis methods used to separate representative types of molecules and particles and in combination with different detection techniques.

The generation of genetically modified mice is absolutely crucial to gene function studies today, primarily because mice are genetically similar to man and because gene function studies in mice are in the context of a whole organism, making them particularly useful.

The evaluation of potential mutagenic activity is a critical step in the assessment of the safety of both new and pre-existing chemical types.

Ever since their discovery more than 150 years ago, astrocytes have proved to be something of an enigma.

The new techniques of molecular cytogenetics, mainly fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of DNA probes to metaphase chromosomes or interphase nuclei, have been developed in the past two decades.

The book is divided into four parts: the first part introduces the basic concepts of nicotinamide coenzymes, the synthesis of nicotinamide coenzymes, intracellular distribution, and an overview of the main functions and detection methods so that readers can quickly understand the general feature and function of nicotinamide coenzymes; the second part describes the involvement of nicotinamide coenzymes in intracellular signal transduction and their roles in cellular physiological and biochemical processes to explain exactly how nicotinamide coenzymes work in the processes and enable readers to deeply understand the principle of nicotinamide coenzymes playing an important function; the third part describes the role of nicotinamide coenzymes in the pathophysiological process of diseases, tries to illustrate the specific mechanisms of their association with the occurrence of the diseases, and points out the potential value in future translational medicine research; the fourth part introduces the production technology of nicotinamide coenzymes, including precursors, the process of industrial production, and the application of nicotinamide coenzymes and precursors in health industry, medicine, and life science research.

MRSA Protocols for Methods in Molecular Biology provides a comprehensive collection of the most up-to-date techniques for the detection and investigation of MRSA.

The primary purpose of this volume is to demonstrate the range of applications of the Pyrosequencing technology in research and diagnostics and to provide detailed protocols.

In miRNA Maturation: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers in the field detail many of the methods which are now commonly used to study miRNA maturation.

This detailed volume explores key technologies that are used currently to investigate iGluR structure, function and physiology.

Homologous recombination is important in various aspects of DNA metabolism, including damage repair, replication, telomere maintenance, and meiosis, and yeast genetics has successfully provided a framework for the mechanism of homologous recombination.

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes, Second Edition expands upon the previous edition with current, detailed methods developed for working with BACs.

The tiny microRNAs (miRNAs) can have huge impacts on the regulation of a variety of genes and play crucial roles in the fundamental cellular processes.

MicroRNAs constitute a particularly important class of small RNAs given their abundance, broad phylogenetic conservation and strong regulatory effects, with plant miRNAs uniquely divulging their ancient evolutionary origins and their strong post-transcriptional regulatory effects.

The aim of this volume is to provide a step-by-step guide for implementing a selection of novel techniques in the lab.

Due to the vital biological importance of RNA and proteins functioning together within a cell, a protocol volume describing experimental procedures to study their interactions should find a home in many laboratories.

In the past decade, molecular biology has been transformed from the art of cloning a single gene to a statistical science measuring and calculating properties of entire genomes.

Great disparities exist between organisms with regard to the relative ease of chromosomal mutagenesis and manipulation.

This manual offers detailed protocols for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization approaches, which have been successfully used to study various aspects of genomic behavior and alterations.

In RNA Mapping- Methods and Protocols expert researchers in the field detail many of the methods which are now commonly used to study RNA.

Recent stem cell research has revealed that miRNA and RNAi-mediated gene regulation is one of the vital determinates controlling the state of cell differentiation, with the small RNAs serving as key elements involved in regulatory network control of pluripotent cell fate determination.

Immunoinformatics: Predicting Immunogenicity In Silico is a primer for researchers interested in this emerging and exciting technology and provides examples in the major areas within the field of immunoinformatics.

Immunogenetics: A Molecular and Clinical Overview: Immunogenetic Factors and Signaling Pathways in Recurrent Miscarriage, Volume Four provides an overview of the scientific knowledge, achievements, and findings in the field of immunogenetics of recurrent pregnancy loss.

Major advances in molecular biology, alternative RNA splicing, protein processing, identification of gene control elements, transgenic animals and bioinformatics open up multiple research avenues and allow for better understanding of neuropeptide production and function.

Since the publication of the popular first edition, the explosion of DNA sequence information, the access to bioinformatics and mutation databases coupled with the ability to readily detect and confirm mutations has cemented the role of molecular diagnostics in medicine and, in particular, mutation detection by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Thissecond edition expands upon the previous volume with new and updated chapters.

Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) belongs to that special category of well-established molecular biology techniques that, since their inception a few decades ago, have succeeded in keeping a prominent position within the constantly expanding list of laboratory pro- dures for biomedical research and clinical diagnostics.

This volume of Methods in Molecular Biology focuses on techniques to determine the function of a gene.

Continued refinement of wide-spread access to transgenic technology has allowed for new animal models have been developed that exhibit features of autoimmune disease have been developed that exhibit features of autoimmune disease.

Focusing on in vitro and intracellular RNA structure formation, RNA Folding: Methods and Protocols provides a comprehensive collection of experimental protocols which are suitable to dissect RNA folding pathways and to characterize the structure of RNA folding intermediates at nucleotide or even atomic resolution.

Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) have their origins in the molecular genetic analysis of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Over the past two decades, spectacular advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular genetics of cancer, leading to the pursuit of identifying genes that, when mutated, result in an increased susceptibility to the disease.

Gene correction is a technology that gives us the tools for both repairing and mutating DNA, for discovering gene functions and for engineering new genetic variants.

This volume aims to provide the most recent advances in techniques for studying gene expression regulation at the post-transcriptional level.

Detection and analysis of DNA damage is of critical importance in a variety of biological disciplines studying apoptosis, cell cycle and cell di- sion, carcinogenesis, tumor growth, embryogenesis and aging, neu- degenerative and heart diseases, anticancer drug development, environmental and radiobiological research, and others.

Extensive studies have been conducted on the identification, biogenesis, and processing of microRNA (miRNA) as well as research on the exact mechanism by which miRNAs bring about translational silencing of their targets.

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Tissue Morphogenesis: Methods and Protocols highlights major techniques, both experimental and computational, for the study of tissue morphogenesis, divided into several sections, with specific focus on techniques to image, manipulate, model and analyze tissue morphogenesis.

Plants are amazing organisms to study, some are important sources for pharmaceuticals, and others can help to elucidate molecular mechanisms required for a plant's development and its interactions with the biotic or abiotic environment.

This third edition is comprised of well-established protocols that are considered the gold standard in the field as well as new methodologies for mitochondrial DNA analysis.

Recent developments in microarray technology have changed the landscape of biology and biomedical research, and they have revolutionized RNA and DNA research.

With the detailed genomic information that is now becoming available, we have a plethora of data that allows researchers to address questions in a variety of areas.