Meteorology and climatology

Cloud physics has achieved such a voluminous literature over the past few decades that a significant quantitative study of the entire field would prove unwieldy.

The extraordinary growth and development of atmospheric sciences during the last dec- ades, and the concern for certain applied problems, such as those related to the environ- ment, have prompted the introduction of college and university courses in this field.

This book contains most of the invited papers and contributions pre- sented at the Symposium/Workshop on Solar-Terrestrial Influences on Weather and Climate which was held at The Ohio State University on 24-28 July 1978.

Since the beginning of industrialization in the last century, a steady increase in energy consumption can be observed.

GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE ETTORE MAJORANA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF CLIMATOLOGY The "e;Ettore Majorana Centre"e; for Scientific Culture, founded at Erice in 1963 by prof.

The thermodynamics of the atmosphere is the subject of severai chapters in most textbooks on dynamic meteorology, but there is no work in English to give the subject a specific and more extensive treatment.

This book is an ordered collection of tutorial lectures on the physical processes in the polar upper atmosphere given at the NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on "e;The Exploration of the Polar Upper Atmosphere"e; held at Lillehammer, Norway, May 5-16, 1980.

Long-Range Transport of Airborne Pollutants and Acid Rain Conference This issue of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution is devoted to the collection of papers presented at the Long-Range Transport of Airborne Pollutants and Acid Rain Con- ference held at Albany, N.

The content of this book are lectures and research papers presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on -Chemistry of the Unpolluted and Polluted Troposphere-held from September 28 to October 10, 1981, on the Island of Corfu, Greece.

Palaeoclimatology is presently experiencing a period of rapid growth of techniques and concepts.

The International School of Climatology of the "e;Ettore Majo- rana Centre for Scientific Culture"e; at Erice was founded in 1979, with the aim of organising advanced courses and highly specialized seminars on current problems in the field of climatology.

In this volume, we present the lectures given during the 1984 OHOLO Conference, held in Zichron Yaacov, Israel.

Radiative heat transfer is a fundamental factor in the energetics of the terrestrial atmosphere: the system consisting of the atmosphere and the underlying layer is heated by the Sun, and this heating is compensated, on the average, by thermal radia- tion.

The reader may be surprised to learn that the word "e;aeronomy"e; is not found in many of the standard dictionaries of the English language (for exam- ple.

During recent decades a new field of study in atmospheric science has made its appearance - the dynamics of clouds.

This volume is based on a workshop on "e;Effects of accumulation of air pollutants in forest ecosystems'; held in GOttingen, Federal Republic of Germany, from May 16-18, 1982.

Tropical atmosphere and ocean are receiving increased attention in relation to the functioning of the global climate system, the remarkable climatic variability in low latitudes, and the associated manifold environmental and societal consequences.

The effects of meteorological phenomena upon forest produc- tivity and forestry operations have been of concern for many years.

THE STUDY OF THE BIOSPHERE The term 'biosphere' first appeared in the works of the French biologist 1.

During the last 20 years the study of, and the prediction of, changes in the climate of our planet have become an urgent social imperative, addressed to scientists the world over.

This book arises from a NATO-sponsored Advanced Study Institute on 'The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling' held at Bombann@.

In November 1981 a first symposium with the topics of "e;Acid Deposition of Atmospheric Pollutants"e; was organised in OberursellTaunus to introduce the problems and first results of research-activities on wet and dry deposition of pollutants and on acid precipitation.

1.

Unique properties of laser radiation including its monochromatic properties, polarization, high spectral intensity, coherence, narrow beam divergence, the possibility of controlling the pulse duration and radiation spectrum and, finally, the fact that extremely high power and energy create very favorable conditions for the extensive application of lasers to communi- cation systems, systems for the lidar sensing and ultra-high-precision ranging, navigation, remote monitoring of the environment, and many other systems operating in the atmosphere.

Satelli te oceanography, as the term is used in this book, is a generic term that means application of the technology of aerospace electromagnetic remote sensing to the study of the oceans.

Social and natural scientists often are called upon to produce, or participate, in the pro- duction of forecasts.

The NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "e;Transport Processes in the Middle Atmosphere"e; was held in Erice, Sicily, from November 23 through November 27, 1986.

The Southern Hemisphere commands an increasing interest among atmospheric chemists.

This was the fourth postgraduate summer school on remote sensing to be held in Dundee.

Few scientists doubt the prediction that the antropogenic release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will lead to some warming of the earth's climate.

The Geo-Sciences Panel is a synonym for the Special Programme on Global Transport Mechanisms in the Geo-Sciences.

PREFACE xv LIST OF LECTURERS xix LIST OF PARTICIPANTS xx].

Part of the excitement in boundary-layer meteorology is the challenge associated with turbulent flow - one of the unsolved problems in classical physics.

In its relentless pursuit of further knowledge, science tends to compartmentalize.

Three important studies were initiated in the 1970s to investigate the relation- ship between climatic variations and agriculture: by the National Delcnse University (1980) on Crop Yields and Climate Change to the Year 2000, by the U.

The VDI Commission on Air Pollution Prevention - in cooperation with the German Meteorological Society - presents in this book the proceedings of the first International Symposium on "e;Environmental Meteorology"e;, held in Wurzburg (West Germany) from 29 September to 1 October 1987.

In the micrometeorological literature, reference is sometimes made to the 'Businger-Dyer Profiles' or the 'Dyer-Businger profiles/relations' without referring to the origin of these relations.