Architecture: castles and fortifications

Descended from the Viking raiders who settled in Northern France under the leadership of Rollo in around 911, the Normans were amongst the most feared warriors of their time.

When war broke out between the United States and Great Britain in 1812, neither side was prepared for the conflict, as evidenced by their respective fortifications.

The widespread construction of castles in Britain began as soon as Duke William of Normandy set foot on the shores of southern England in 1066.

Following the Soviet invasion in 1979, the Mujahideen defenders of Afghanistan developed and reinforced many natural cave systems to use as supply bases and defensive positions.

In 1277, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Gwynedd, met with Edward I of England in Aberconwy to finalise a treaty that would change the fate of both nations.

In this stunning, full-colour book, John Kinross explores the fascinating history behind the castles of Herefordshire, Shropshire and the Welsh border.

Cryptic Concrete explores bunkered sites in Cold War Germany in order to understand the inner workings of the Cold War state.

This fascinating study of medieval warfare examines the vital role of castles during the English civil wars of the 15th century.

This book shows how a military colony became a large, impressive and prosperous city.

An illustrated history of the defences of this pivotal position in the Mediterranean, an outpost between North Africa and the soft underbelly of Europe, and one of the most fortified places in the world.

An illustrated history of the greatest surviving example of European medieval military architecture in the world.

This book completes the story of one of the most formidable defensive lines in Europe in World War II, looking at the lesser known Mediterranean extension and describing how it was conceived of, built and used.

Starting in 1940, Germany was subjected to a growing threat of Allied bomber attack.

An illustrated guide to the defences beset by prolonged and bloody fighting for control of the Japanese occupied Pacific islands in World War II.

The Japanese invasion and occupation of Korea, which lasted from 1592 to 1598, was the only occasion in Japanese history when samurai aggression was turned against a foreign country.

An illustrated history of the designs of Vauban, the foremost military engineer of France throughout the 18th century.

The Maginot Line, the massive series of fortifications built by France in the 1930s to defend its borders with Germany and Italy, is perhaps the most maligned collection of fortifications ever built.

Evolving from a patrician domus, the emperor's residence on the Palatine became the centre of the state administration.

Following the Israel Defence Forces' success in the Six Day War of 1967, the IDF Chief of Staff, General Haim Bar-Lev, ordered the construction of a series of fortified positions named the Bar Lev Line.

The landscape of 16th- and 17th-century Japan was dominated by the graceful and imposing castles constructed by the powerful 'daimyo' of the period.

Half a millennium before the Romans first arrived in Britain, an even more ferocious people, the Celts, arrived in what is now south-eastern England.

Though primarily fought in the field, the American Revolution saw fortifications play an important part in some of the key campaigns of the war.

Cryptic Concrete explores bunkered sites in Cold War Germany in order to understand the inner workings of the Cold War state.

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Throughout their stormy history the Teutonic Knights of Germany have always been the most controversial brotherhood ever to call themselves 'Knights of Christ'.

Fully revised and updated edition of the classic, stunningly illustrated guide to the cream of Britain's historic country houses cared for by the National Trust, encompassing both interior and exterior design.

Following the battle of Bussaco on 27 September 1810 Wellington's heavily outnumbered troops began to withdraw towards Lisbon.

An illustrated guide to the defences beset by prolonged and bloody fighting for control of the Japanese occupied Pacific islands in World War II.

The design development and combat history of some of the most technologically advanced fortress networks in Germany and France.

In the second half of the third millennium BC the Indo-European tribe known as the Hittites migrated and settled in Central Anatolia, at that time a land of small city-states whose rulers lived in fortresses.

Gordon L Rottman explores the design development and combat history of the US Army's field fortifications during these two major wars, alongside illustrations and diagrams throughout.

In 1277 Edward I gathered a huge army and marched into Wales to subdue the rebel Welsh princes.

In the course of the Peninsular War, Wellington's army fought several hard battles and smaller actions, but it was the bloody sieges that troubled him more than anything else.

Seit fast zwei Jahrtausenden thront die Engelsburg über dem Tiber und ist ein Symbol für die wechselvolle Geschichte Roms.

In the late-19th century, with the advances in technology and the increase in America's economic stature, a new round of fortification building began in the United States and its overseas territories.

In the last years of his reign Henry VIII needed a radically modern system of defence to protect England and its new Church.

The United States has been developing space for many years, and satellites provide the US Military with an unparaleled advantage over its adversaries.

With the exception of the key royal sites, such as Stirling and Edinburgh, few Scottish castles were located at strategic points, or were intended to house garrisons required to defend or subjugate towns.

Castles and the Anglo-Norman World is a major new synthesis drawing together a series of 20 papers by 26 French and English specialists in the field of Anglo-Norman studies.

Following the fall of France and the surrender of Paris on 14 June 1940, the British Government announced that the Channel Islands had no strategic importance and would not be defended.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the military importance of the Hawaiian Islands became clear.

Sussex is a fascinating county, saturated with history, legends and mysteries.

In the late-19th century, with the advances in technology and the increase in America's economic stature, a new round of fortification building began in the United States and its overseas territories.

The castles built by the Crusaders, Hospitallers, Venetians and Genoese in Cyprus, Greece, the Aegean, and on the Black Sea served to defend against a complex array of constantly changing threats.

Perched along the banks of the Tiber River, Castel Sant'Angelo stands as a silent witness to nearly two millennia of Roman history.

Castle studies have been transformed in recent years with a movement away from the traditional interpretation of castles as static military structures towards a wider view of castles as aesthetic symbols of power, with a more complicated relationship with the landscape.

Wales, a small country, is littered with the relics of war - Iron Age forts, Roman ruins, medieval castles and the coastal forts of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

At one time, Scotland was home to more than 4,000 castles.

A fascinating, illustrated history of forts and castles from their earliest origins to the 20th century.